Polymorphs and solid forms of a pyrimidinylamino-pyrazole compound, and methods of production

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to crystalline polymorph and amorphous forms of 2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile or solvates, tautomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or cocrystals thereof, and processes for their preparation.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This continuation application claims priority to U.S. application Ser.No. 16/447,713 filed 20 Jun. 2019, which is a continuation applicationof U.S. application Ser. No. 16/197,037 filed 20 Nov. 2018, now U.S.Pat. No. 10,370,361 issued on 6 Aug. 2019, and claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/589,276 filed on 21 Nov. 2017, each ofwhich are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to polymorph forms of2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-((4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrilefor use in the treatment of peripheral and neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson's disease. The present disclosure also relates toprocesses to obtain polymorph forms.

BACKGROUND

Combined genetic and biochemical evidence implicates certain kinasefunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders(Christensen, K. V. (2017) Progress in medicinal chemistry 56:37-80;Fuji, R. N. et al (2015) Science Translational Medicine 7(273):273ra15;Taymans, J. M. et al (2016) Current Neuropharmacology 14(3):214-225)Kinase inhibitors are under investigation for treatment of Alzheimer'sdisease, Parkinson's disease, ALS and other diseases (Estrada, A. A. etal (2015) J. Med. Chem. 58(17): 6733-6746; Estrada, A. A. et al (2013)J. Med. Chem. 57:921-936; Chen, H. et al (2012) J. Med. Chem.55:5536-5545; Estrada, A. A. et al (2015) J. Med. Chem. 58:6733-6746;Chan, B. K. et al (2013) ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 4:85-90; U.S. Pat. Nos.8,354,420; 8,569,281; 8,791,130; 8,796,296; 8,802,674; 8,809,331;8,815,882; 9,145,402; 9,212,173; 9,212,186; and WO 2012/062783.

Multiple crystal forms with different solid state properties of a drugsubstance can exhibit differences in bioavailability, shelf life,physical-chemical properties including melting point, crystalmorphology, intrinsic dissolution rates, solubility and stability, andbehavior during processing. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is apowerful tool in identifying different crystal phases by their uniquediffraction patterns. Other techniques such as solid-state NuclearMagnetic resonance NMR spectroscopy, RAMAN spectroscopy, DSC(differential scanning calorimetry) are useful as well.

The pharmaceutical industry is often confronted with the phenomenon ofmultiple polymorphs of the same crystalline chemical entity.Polymorphism is often characterized as the ability of a drug substance,i.e. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), to exist as two or morecrystalline phases that have different arrangements and/or conformationsof the molecules in the crystal lattices giving the crystals differentphysicochemical properties. The ability to be able to manufacture theselected polymorphic form reliably is a key factor in determining thesuccess of the drug product.

Regulatory agencies worldwide require a reasonable effort to identifythe polymorphs of the drug substance and check for polymorphinterconversions. Due to the often unpredictable behavior of polymorphsand their respective differences in physicochemical properties,consistency in manufacturing between batches of the same product must bedemonstrated. Proper understanding of the polymorph landscape and natureof the polymorphs of a pharmaceutical will contribute to manufacturingconsistency.

Crystal structure determination at the atomic level and intermolecularinteractions offer important information to establish absoluteconfiguration (enantiomers), phase identification, quality control, andprocess development control and optimization. X-ray diffraction iswidely recognized as a reliable tool for the crystal structure analysisof pharmaceutical solids and crystal form identification.

Availability of a single crystal of the drug substance is preferred dueto the speed and accuracy of the structure determination. However, it isnot always possible to obtain a crystal of suitable size for datacollection. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction is a useful technique.In such situations the crystal structure can be solved from X-ray powderdiffraction data obtained by measurements at ambient conditions and/orat variable temperature or humidity.

There is a need to develop new polymorph forms of drug substances, andmethods of preparing them.

DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to crystalline polymorph or amorphousforms of a pyrimidinylamino-pyrazole kinase inhibitor, referred toherein as the Formula I compound and having the structure:

or solvates, tautomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts orcocrystals thereof.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition of apolymorph form of the Formula I compound.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a crystalline compound,2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile,selected from:

a Form B polymorph that exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction patternhaving characteristic peaks expressed in degrees 2-theta atapproximately 7.0, 7.3, 16.1, 16.3, 24.1, 25.1, and 26.6;

a Form C polymorph that exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction patternhaving characteristic peaks expressed in degrees 2-theta atapproximately 6.4, 15.1, 21.2, 25.7, and 27.8; and

a Form D polymorph that exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction patternhaving characteristic peaks expressed in degrees 2-theta atapproximately 9.2, 14.0, 14.8, 19.7, and 20.0.

In one aspect, provided is a Form A polymorph that exhibits an X-raypowder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks expressed indegrees 2-theta at approximately 7.7, 9.9, 12.7, 13.6, 14.1, 15.4, 15.9,19.2, 20.5, 21.6, 22.4 23.2, and 24.7.

In one aspect, provided is a Form B polymorph that exhibits an X-raypowder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks expressed indegrees 2-theta at approximately 7.0, 7.3, 16.1, 16.3, 24.1, 25.1, and26.6. In some aspects, the Form B polymorph has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially free of peaks at 12.9 and 14.8±0.05degrees 2-theta. In some aspects, the Form B polymorph is a cyclohexanolsolvate. In some aspects, a differential scanning calorimetry DSC of theForm B polymorph shows two melting endotherms at about 87.9 and 103.2°C. onset.

In one aspect, provided is a Form C polymorph that exhibits an X-raypowder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks expressed indegrees 2-theta at approximately 6.4, 8.1, 8.6, 8.8, 9.9, 10.2, 12.9,13.8, 15.1, 15.4, 16.5, 19.8, 21.2, 22.1, 23.7, 25.7, and 27.8.

In one aspect, provided is a Form C polymorph that exhibits an X-raypowder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks expressed indegrees 2-theta at approximately 6.4, 15.1, 21.2, 25.7, and 27.8. Inaspects, the Form C polymorph further comprises a peaks at 22.1. Inaspects, the Form C polymorph further comprises peaks at 16.5 and22.1±0.05 degrees 2-theta. In some aspects, the Form C polymorph has anX-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially free of peaks at 13.6 and14.8±0.05 degrees 2-theta. In some aspects, the Form C polymorph is ananhydrate. In some aspects, the Form C polymorph has a differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC) melting endotherm at about 127.8° C. onset.

In one aspect, provided is a Form D polymorph that exhibits an X-raypowder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks expressed indegrees 2-theta at approximately 8.0, 8.7, 9.2, 9.8, 10.4, 12.9, 13.4,14.0, 14.8, 16.4, 18.5, 19.7, 20.0, 20.8, 23.1, 23.3, 23.9, 25.5, and25.7.

In one aspect, provided is a Form D polymorph that exhibits an X-raypowder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks expressed indegrees 2-theta at approximately 9.2, 14.0, 14.8, 19.7, and 20.0. Insome aspects, the Form D polymorph has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern substantially free of peaks at 13.6±0.05 degrees 2-theta. Insome aspects, the Form D polymorph is an anhydrate. In some aspects, theForm D polymorph has a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) meltingendotherm at about 129.1° C. onset.

In one aspect, the crystalline compounds provide herein exhibit a massincrease of less than about 1% when subjected to an increase in relativehumidity from about 0% to about 95% relative humidity for about 180minutes.

In one aspect, the crystalline compounds provide herein are stable uponexposure to about 40° C. and about 75% relative humidity for at least 6months.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a crystalline compound,2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrileexhibiting an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having characteristicpeaks expressed in ±0.3 degrees 2-theta at 6.4, 15.1, 21.2, 25.7, and27.8.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a crystallinecompound,2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrileexhibiting an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having characteristicpeaks expressed in ±0.05 degrees 2-theta at 6.4, 15.1, 21.2, 25.7, and27.8.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline polymorphor amorphous form of the Formula I compound or solvates, tautomers, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts or cocrystals thereof, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, glidant, diluent, or excipient

An aspect of the present disclosure is a process for preparing acrystalline polymorph or amorphous form of the Formula I compound orsolvates, tautomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or cocrystalsthereof.

In one aspect, provided is a process for preparing a crystallinepolymorph comprising heating at 50° C. or above2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrilein methyl tert-butyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, ethyl acetate,isopropyl acetate, or combinations thereof and a non-polar solvent suchas heptane, and then cooling the mixture whereby a Form C crystallinepolymorph that exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern havingcharacteristic peaks expressed in degrees 2-theta at approximately 6.4,15.1, 21.2, 25.7, and 27.8 degrees 2-theta is formed. In some aspects,the mixture is seeded.

In one aspect, provided is a process for preparing a crystallinepolymorph comprising heating at 50° C. or above, an anhydrous solutionof2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrilein methyl tert-butyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, ethyl acetate,isopropyl acetate, or combinations thereof, and a non-polar solvent suchas heptane, and then cooling the mixture whereby a Form D crystallinepolymorph that exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern havingcharacteristic peaks expressed in degrees 2-theta at approximately 9.2,14.0, 14.8, 19.7, and 20.0 degrees 2-theta is formed. In some aspects,the mixture is seeded.

In one aspect, the crystalline polymorph provided herein is milled. Inanother aspect, the crystalline, anhydrate polymorph provided herein ismilled.

In one aspect, provided is an amorphous compound,2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile.

In one aspect, provided is a process for preparing the amorphouscompound,2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile,comprising heating a crystalline form of the compound until dissolutionfollowed by cooling to form the amorphous compound. In one aspect thecooling is by fast cooling, such as in a dry-ice or liquid nitrogenbath.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the inter-conversion relationships between Formula Icompound polymorph forms, Forms A, B, C, and D in a schematic diagram.

FIG. 2 shows an overlay of the XRPD patterns of Formula I compoundpolymorph forms, Forms A, B, C, and D.

FIG. 3 shows the single crystal X-ray structure of Form A polymorph.

FIG. 4 shows the single crystal X-ray structure of Form C polymorph.

FIG. 5 shows the single crystal X-ray structure of Form D polymorph.

FIG. 6 shows the XRPD pattern of Form A (anhydrate) polymorph.

FIG. 7 shows the TGA and DSC data of Form A (anhydrate) polymorph.

FIG. 8 shows the XRPD pattern of Form B (cyclohexanol solvate)polymorph.

FIG. 9 shows the TGA and DSC data of Form B (cyclohexanol solvate)polymorph.

FIG. 10 shows the XRPD pattern of Form C (anhydrate) polymorph.

FIG. 11 shows the TGA and DSC data of Form C (anhydrate) polymorph.

FIG. 12 shows the XRPD pattern of Form D (anhydrate) polymorph.

FIG. 13 shows the TGA and DSC data of Form D (anhydrate) polymorph.

FIG. 14 shows a PLM image of Form C single crystals.

FIG. 15 shows a PLM image of Form D single crystals.

FIG. 16 shows polarized light microscopy images of amorphous Form E.

FIG. 17 shows XRPD Diffractogram of amorphous Form E.

DEFINITIONS

Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs, and are consistent with:

The words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and“includes” when used in this specification and claims are intended tospecify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps,but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more otherfeatures, integers, components, steps, or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” when used inreference to X-ray powder diffraction pattern peak positions refers tothe inherent variability of the peaks depending on, for example, thecalibration of the equipment used, the process used to produce thepolymorph, the age of the crystallized material and the like, dependingon the instrumentation used. In this case the measure variability of theinstrument was about plus/minus ±0.3 degrees 2-theta (θ). A personskilled in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, wouldunderstand the use of “about” or “approximately” in this context unlessspecified otherwise (e.g. ±0.05 degrees 2-theta). The term “about” or“approximately” in reference to other defined parameters, e.g., watercontent, C_(max), t_(max), AUC, intrinsic dissolution rates,temperature, and time, indicates the inherent variability in, forexample, measuring the parameter or achieving the parameter. A personskilled in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, wouldunderstand the variability of a parameter as connoted by the use of theword about or approximately.

“Polymorph”, as used herein, refers to the occurrence of differentcrystalline forms of a compound differing in packing orconformation/configuration but with the same chemical composition.Crystalline forms have different arrangements and/or conformations ofthe molecule in the crystal lattice. Solvates are crystal formscontaining either stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric amounts of asolvent. If the incorporated solvent is water, the solvate is commonlyknown as a hydrate. Hydrates/solvates may exist as polymorphs forcompounds with the same solvent content but different lattice packing orconformation. Therefore, a single compound may give rise to a variety ofpolymorphic forms where each form has different and distinct physicalproperties, such as solubility profiles, melting point temperatures,hygroscopicity, particle shape, morphology, density, flowability,compactibility and/or X-ray diffraction peaks. The solubility of eachpolymorph may vary, thus, identifying the existence of pharmaceuticalpolymorphs is essential for providing pharmaceuticals with predictablesolubility profiles. It is desirable to characterize and investigate allsolid state forms of a drug, including all polymorphic forms, and todetermine the stability, dissolution and flow properties of eachpolymorphic form. Polymorphic forms of a compound can be distinguishedin a laboratory by X-ray diffractometry and by other methods such as,infrared or Raman or solid-state NMR spectrometry. For a general reviewof polymorphs and the pharmaceutical applications of polymorphs see G.M. Wall, Pharm Manuf. 3:33 (1986); J. K. Haleblian and W. McCrone, J.Pharm. Sci., 58:911 (1969); “Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids,Second Edition (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences)”, Harry G.Brittain, Ed. (2011) CRC Press (2009); and J. K. Haleblian, J. Pharm.Sci., 64, 1269 (1975), all of which are incorporated herein byreference.

The acronym “XRPD” means X-ray powder diffraction, an analyticaltechnique which measures the diffraction of X-rays in the presence of asolid component with a display of the X-ray diffraction pattern. TheX-ray diffraction pattern may be made using CuKα1 radiation. Materialswhich are crystalline and have regular repeating arrays of atomsgenerate a distinctive powder pattern. Materials with similar unit cellswill give X-ray diffraction patterns that are similar in position asmeasured in °2θ (theta). Solvates which exhibit this property are calledisostructural or isomorphous solvates. The intensity of the reflectionsvaries according to the electron density causing diffraction as well assample, sample preparation, and instrument parameters. Analysis of XRPDdata is based upon the general appearance of the measured powderpattern(s) with respect to the known response of the X-ray diffractionsystem used to collect the data. For diffraction peaks that may bepresent in the powder pattern, their positions, shapes, widths, andrelative intensity distributions can be used to characterize the type ofsolid state order in the powder sample. The position, shape, andintensity of any broad diffuse scatter (halos) on top of theinstrumental background can be used to characterize the level and typeof solid state disorder. The combined interpretation of the solid stateorder and disorder present in a powder sample provides a qualitativemeasure of the macro-structure of the sample.

The term “cocrystal” refers to a crystalline molecular complex composedof two or more different molecular compounds generally in astoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts. Thecocrystal consists of a hydrogen-bonded complex with a “pharmaceuticallyacceptable” coformer (Aitipamula, S. et al (2012) Cryst. Growth Des.12(5):2147-2152). Coformers include, but are not limited to,acetylsalicylic acid, trans-acontic acid, adipic acid, L-ascorbic acid,benzoic acid, citric acid, fructose, fumaric acid, gallic acid, glucose,glutaric acid, hippuric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, maleic acid,malonic acid, mannitol, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, phenylalanine,riboflavin, salicylic acid, succinic acid, and vanillic acid.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein, refers topharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salts of a compound ofthe invention. Exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate,citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate,bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate,salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate,bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate,gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate,methanesulfonate “mesylate”, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate,p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e.,1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. Other salts includeacid salts such as coformers described above. A pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as anacetate ion, a succinate ion or other counter ion. The counter ion maybe any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on theparent compound. Furthermore, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt mayhave more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances wheremultiple charged atoms are part of the pharmaceutically acceptable saltcan have multiple counter ions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counter ion.

The desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by anysuitable method available in the art. For example, treatment of the freebase with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromicacid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or withan organic acid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid,mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvicacid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid,such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid,such as citric acid or tartaric acid, an amino acid, such as asparticacid or glutamic acid, an aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid orcinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid orethanesulfonic acid, or the like. Acids which are generally consideredsuitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful or acceptablesalts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, byStahl P H, Wermuth C G, editors. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts;Properties, Selection and Use, 2^(nd) Revision (International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry). 2012, New York: Wiley-VCH; S. Berge et al,Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1 19; P. Gould,International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33 201 217; Anderson et al, ThePractice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York;Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) ed., (1995) Mack PublishingCo., Easton Pa.; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration,Washington, D.C. on their website). These disclosures are incorporatedherein by reference thereto.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance orcomposition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, withthe other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal beingtreated therewith.

A “solvate” refers to an association or complex of one or more solventmolecules and a compound of the invention. Examples of solvents thatform solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol,ethanol, methanol, cyclohexanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, andethanolamine. Other solvents that may form solvates include the Class 2and 3 groups from “Q3C—Tables and List Guidance for Industry:” (June2017) US Dept. HHS, Food and Drug Administration, Center for DrugEvaluation and Research (CDER) and Center for Biologics Evaluation andResearch (CBER). The Class 2 group of solvents that may form solvatesare: Acetonitrile, Chlorobenzene, Chloroform, Cyclohexane, Cumene,1,2-Dichloroethene, Dichloromethane, 1,2-Dimethoxyethane,N,N-Dimethylacetamide, N,N-Dimethylformamide, 1,4-Dioxane,2-Ethoxyethanol, Ethyleneglycol, Formamide, Hexane, Methanol,2-Methoxyethanol, Methylbutyl ketone, Methylcyclohexane,Methylisobutylketone, N-Methylpyrrolidone, Nitromethane, Pyridine,Sulfolane, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Tetralin, Toluene, Trichloroethene,and Xylene. The Class 3 group of solvents that may also form solvatesare: Acetic acid, Heptane, Acetone, Isobutyl acetate, Anisole, Isopropylacetate, 1-Butanol, Methyl acetate, 2-Butanol, 3-Methyl-1-butanol, Butylacetate, Methylethyl ketone, tert-Butylmethyl ether,2-Methyl-1-propanol, Dimethyl sulfoxide, Pentane, Ethanol, 1-Pentanol,Ethyl acetate, 1-Propanol, Ethyl ether, 2-Propanol, Ethyl formate,Propyl acetate, Formic acid, and Triethylamine.

The term “hydrate” refers to the complex where the solvent molecule iswater.

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property ofnon-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term“achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirrorimage partner.

The term “stereoisomers” refers to compounds which have identicalchemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of theatoms or groups in space.

“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers ofchirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another.Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points,boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures ofdiastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical proceduressuch as electrophoresis and chromatography.

“Enantiomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which arenon-superimposable mirror images of one another.

Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally followS. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984)McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S.,“Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1994. The compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric orchiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms.It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of theinvention, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers andatropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, formpart of the present invention. Many organic compounds exist in opticallyactive forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane ofplane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, theprefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absoluteconfiguration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes dand l or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation ofplane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or l meaning that thecompound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d isdextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these stereoisomers areidentical except that they are mirror images of one another. A specificstereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture ofsuch isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture ofenantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which mayoccur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in achemical reaction or process. The terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate”refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid ofoptical activity.

The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers ofdifferent energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.For example, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers)include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enoland imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers includeinterconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.

Formula I Compound

The present disclosure includes polymorphs and amorphous forms ofFormula I compound, (CAS Registry Number 1374828-69-9), having thestructure:

and named as:2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile(WO 2012/062783; U.S. Pat. No. 8,815,882; US 2012/0157427, each of whichare incorporated by reference). As used herein, the Formula I compoundincludes tautomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or cocrystalsthereof. The Formula I compound is the API (Active PharmaceuticalIngredient) in formulations for use in the treatment ofneurodegenerative and other disorders, with pKa when protonatedcalculated at 6.7 and 2.1.

Crystallization and Screening of Formula I Compound

Initial polymorph screening experiments were performed using a varietyof crystallization or solid transition methods, including: anti-solventaddition, reverse anti-solvent addition, slow evaporation, slow cooling,slurry at room temperature (RT), slurry at 50° C., solid vapordiffusion, liquid vapor diffusion, and polymer induced crystallization.By all these methods, the Form A crystal type was identified. Polarizedlight microscopy (PLM) images of Form A obtained from various polymorphscreening methods were collected (Example 5). Particles obtained viaanti-solvent addition showed small size of about 20 to 50 microns (μm)diameter while slow evaporation, slow cooling (except forTHF/isooctane), liquid vapor diffusion and polymer-inducedcrystallization resulted in particles with larger size. Adding isooctaneinto a dichloromethane (DCM) solution of the Formula I compound producedparticles with the most uniform size. Crude Formula I compoundcrystallized from THF/n-heptane and then was micronized. Acrystallization procedure was developed to control particle size.

A total of four crystal forms (Forms A, B, C, and D) and an amorphousform E of Formula I compound were prepared, including 3 anhydrates (FormA, C, and D) and one solvate (Form B). Slurry competition experimentsindicated that Form D was thermodynamically more stable when the wateractivity a_(w)≤0.2 at RT, while Form C was more stable when a_(w)≥0.5 atRT. The 24 hrs solubility evaluation showed the solubility of Form A, Cand D in H₂O at RT was 0.18, 0.14 and 0.11 mg/mL, respectively. DVS(dynamic vapor sorption) results indicated that Form A and D werenon-hygroscopic as defined by less than 0.1% reversible water intake inDVS, while Form C was slightly hygroscopic. Certain characterizationdata and observations of the crystal forms are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Characterization summary for crystal forms of Formula I compound24 Hrs Wt Loss Endotherm Solubility RT Enthalpy Crystal in TGA in DSC inH₂O at ΔH Form (%) (° C., onset) Form Identity (mg/mL) Hygroscopicity(J/g) Form A 0.6 122.8 Anhydrate 0.18 Nonhygroscopic 91.2 Form B 13.987.9, 103.2 Cyclohexanol solvate NA NA 65.3 Form C 0.8 127.8 Anhydrate0.14 Slightly hygroscopic 94.37 Form D 0.5 129.1 Anhydrate 0.11Nonhygroscopic 90.28

Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of Forms A and C showedthat Form C had higher melting point and higher heat of fusion (Table1), suggesting that the two forms are monotropic with Form C being themore stable form. Competitive slurry experiments with 1:1 Form A and Cin a variety of solvents always produced Form C confirming that Form Cwas more stable than Form A. In accordance with this, Form C wasproduced even when the crystallization batch was seeded with seeds ofForm A.

Polymorphs of Formula I Compound

The physical characterization, and inter-conversion relationships wereevaluated to identify a suitable crystal form of the Formula I compoundfor further development. To date, a total of four crystal forms A, B, C,and D have been prepared. An amorphous form E has also been prepared.All of the crystal forms were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD) by the procedures of Example 6, and thermo gravimetric analysis(TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by the procedures ofExample 7. Form identification study confirmed that Form A, C and D wereanhydrates and Form B was a cyclohexanol solvate. Characterizationsummary for all the crystal forms was presented in Table 1. Thethermodynamic stability relationship between three anhydrates (Form A, Cand D) was investigated via slurry competition experiments. Detailedinter-conversion relationship was depicted in the schematic diagram(shown in FIG. 1). The inter-conversion relationship between Form C andD was associated with the solvent effect of H₂O. Form D wasthermodynamically more stable when a_(w)≤0.2 at room temperature (RT,25±2° C.), while Form C was more stable when a_(w)≥0.5 at RT. Forms A, Cand D were further evaluated by 24 hrs solubility in H₂O andhygroscopicity. The 24 hrs solubility of Form A, C and D in H₂O at RTwas measured to be 0.18, 0.14 and 0.11 mg/mL, respectively. No formchange was observed after 24 hrs solubility evaluation. Dynamic vaporsorption (DVS) data showed that Form A and D were non-hygroscopic, whileForm C was slightly hygroscopic. Based on the characterization andevaluation results, both of Form C and D showed superior physicochemicalproperties, including high crystallinity, low TGA weight (Wt) loss andsingle sharp DSC endotherm. However, considering the solvent effect ofH₂O associated with the inter-conversion relationship between Form C andD, it may be beneficial to control the water content in process solventsand the relative humidity of environment during the manufacturing andstorage (a_(w)≥0.5 for Form C, a_(w)≤0.2 for Form D).

A total of four crystal forms A, B, C, and D of Formula I compound andan amorphous form E were prepared. An overlay of XRPD patterns ofFormula I compound crystal forms are displayed in FIG. 2.

Inter-Conversion of Crystal Forms

Slurry competition experiments were performed to investigate theinter-conversion relationship between three anhydrates (Form A, C, andD). Since Formula I compound showed low solubility (<2 mg/mL) in H₂O andnon-polar solvents (e.g., n-heptane, cyclohexane) and good solubility(>40 mg/mL) in other solvents, mixed solvent systems were used for mostof the slurry competition experiments. Slurry competition was firstperformed between Form A and C at RT and 50° C. Form C was obtainedafter slurrying for 40 hrs at RT or 2 hrs at 50° C. Further slurryingfor an additional three weeks resulted in Form D as a new anhydrate,except when exposed to H₂O. Therefore, slurry competition was furtherperformed between Form C and D in various solvent systems. The solventeffect of H₂O was discovered to be associated with the inter-conversionrelationship between Form C and D, with form D forming under anhydrousconditions.

To understand the thermodynamic stability relationship between Form Aand Form C, slurry competition experiments were performed at RT and 50°C. in different solvent systems, including acetone/n-heptane, methyltert-butylether (MTBE)/heptane, and water. Form A was used to saturatethe corresponding solvent before filtered to obtain a near-saturatedsolution. Equal amount of Form A and C samples were weighed and thenmixed with the prepared near-saturated solution to form a newsuspension, which was stirred magnetically (1000 rpm) at RT and 50° C.The XRPD patterns of remaining solids after slurry were measured. Form Cwas obtained after slurry at RT for 40 hrs or slurry at 50° C. for 2hrs, indicating Form C is thermodynamically more stable than Form A fromRT to 50° C. Further slurrying for over 3 weeks resulted in theformation of Form D, except for in H₂O at 50° C. Form D was obtained viaslurrying Form A in MTBE/n-heptane (1:4, v/v) at RT for 1 day, with theaddition of Form D sample as seeds.

To further understand the thermodynamic stability relationship betweenForm C and Form D, slurry competition experiments were performed at RTand 70° C. in various solvent systems, including methyltert-butylether/heptane, water, cyclohexane, and ethanol/isooctane.Equal amount of Form C and D samples were weighed and then mixed withthe near-saturated solution of Form A in corresponding solvent to form asuspension, which was stirred magnetically (˜1000 rpm) at differenttemperatures. The XRPD patterns of remaining solids after slurry weremeasured. Form C was obtained after slurry in H₂O at RT/70° C. and inEtOH/isooctane (1:19) at RT, while Form D was obtained in the othersolvent systems. Based on these results, the inter-conversionrelationship between Form C and D is postulated to be associated withthe solvent effect of H₂O or EtOH. To investigate the influence of H₂Oin process solvents on the inter-conversion relationship between Form Cand D, slurry competition of Form C and Form D was performed inEtOAc/n-heptane (1:4, v/v) with and without H₂O saturation. Form C wasobtained in EtOAc/n-heptane (1:4, v/v) saturated with H₂O, while Form Dwas obtained in the solvent system without pre-treatment. Water contentin process solvents were monitored and controlled during themanufacturing of Form C or D samples. Slurry competition of Form C andForm D was performed in acetone/H₂O system with different wateractivities (aw˜0.2, 0.5, 0.8) at RT. Form D was obtained when aw˜0.2 atRT, while Form C was obtained when aw˜0.5, 0.8 at RT. Water activity (orrelative humidity) was monitored and controlled during the manufactureand storage of Form C or D samples.

The solubility at 24 hrs of Forms A, C, and D was measured in water atRT. Form A, Form C, and Form D samples were suspended into H₂O with doseconcentration of 10 mg/mL. After slurrying the suspensions at RT for 24hrs (1000 rpm), the supernatants were separated for HPLC solubilitymeasurement and the residual solids were characterized by XRPD. Thesolubility of Form A, C, and D in H₂O were measured to be 0.18, 0.14 and0.11 mg/mL, respectively. No form change was observed for Forms A, C, orD after 24 hrs solubility evaluation at RT.

Single Crystal Structure Determination

The crystal structures of Forms A, C, and D were determined bySingle-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) by the procedures of Example 4.The single crystal of Form A of adequate quality for the SCXRD wasobtained via liquid vapor diffusion from n-butyl acetate/cyclohexanesolvent system (n-butyl acetate was the solvent while cyclohexane wasthe anti-solvent) at RT. The crystallographic data and the informationon structure refinements are listed in Example 4. The SCXRDcharacterization revealed that the crystal adopted the P2₁/n space groupwith a=5.325(2) Å, b=13.005(5) Å, c=24.778(9) Å; α=90°, β=94.408(11)°,γ=90°.

The asymmetric unit of the single crystal of the Form A polymorph isdisplayed in FIG. 3. The asymmetric unit is comprised of only oneFormula I molecule, indicating the Form A is an anhydrate.

The hydrogen bonds in Form A single crystal structure show threedimensional (3-D) packing of Formula I molecules sustained byintermolecular H-bonds (N3-H3 . . . N7, N-4 . . . N1) as well asadditional Van der Waals interactions. The calculated XRPD pattern isconsistent with the experimental XRPD pattern of Form A (FIG. 6).

Single crystal X-ray structures of Form C (FIG. 4) and Form D (FIG. 5)show the unit crystal interactions of these forms, and density (Table2).

TABLE 2 Crystal density of Forms A, C, D Density Crystal Form(calculated from SCXRD, g/cm³) Form A 1.318 Form C 1.367 Form D 1.390

Dynamic Vapor Sorption DVS

To investigate the solid form stability as a function of humidity,Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) isotherm plots of Form A, Form C, and FormD were collected at 25° C. between 0 and 95% relative humidity (RH) bythe procedures of Example 8. Based on the DVS results, Form A (0.04%water uptake at 80% RH at 25° C.) and Form D (0.05% water uptake at 80%RH at 25° C.) were non-hygroscopic, while Form C (0.6% water uptake at80% RH at 25° C.) was slightly hygroscopic. No form change was observedafter DVS evaluation.

X-Ray Powder Diffraction Analysis

Analysis of X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns was conducted withcommercially available, analytical software by the procedures of Example6. XRPD is useful for fingerprinting of different crystalline phases,polymorphs, hydrates or solvates by their unique diffraction patterns.Along the abscissa (horizontal axis) is plotted the 2-theta (Θ)values—the series of angles between the incident and diffracted beams.The ordinate (vertical axis) records the intensity of the scatteredX-ray registered by detector. The set of peaks act as a uniquefingerprint of the crystallographic unit cell within a crystallinesubstance. The crystallographic unit cell is the smallest atomic-scale3D fragment that is repeated periodically in three dimensions throughoutthe entire crystal. All crystalline substances are distinguished bytheir crystallographic unit cells (and therefore peak positions). Bycomparing measured peak positions with those held in a database, thecrystalline substance may be identified uniquely. For pure substances,the positions of all peaks are generally a function of three parameters:a, b, c and three angles: alpha, beta, gamma (α, β, γ) defining theelementary parallelepiped that constitutes the crystallographic unitcell.

Formula I Compound Solid Forms

Form A was characterized by XRPD, TGA and DSC. The XRPD pattern is shownin FIG. 6 and shows Form A is crystalline. The XRPD Peak Search Reportfor Formula I, Form A is compiled in Table 3. TGA and DSC data are shownin FIG. 7. A weight loss of 0.6% was observed up to 120° C. on the TGAcurve. The DSC result exhibited a sharp endotherm at 122.8° C. (onsettemperature). Based on the low TGA weight loss and the only sharp DSCendotherm, Form A is postulated to be an anhydrate.

TABLE 3 XRPD Peak Search Report for Formula I, Form A Pos. [°2Th.]Height [cts] d-spacing [Å] Rel. Int. [%] 7.7 2149 11.5 61.1 9.9 2255 9.064.1 12.7 1545 7.0 43.9 13.6 3517 6.5 100.0 14.1 3373 6.3 95.9 15.4 14425.8 41.0 15.9 2332 5.6 66.3 19.2 658 4.6 18.7 20.5 726 4.3 20.6 21.61076 4.1 30.6 22.4 1515 4.0 43.1 23.2 855 3.8 24.3 24.7 808 3.6 23.0

Form B was characterized by XRPD, TGA and DSC, and obtained viaslurrying Form A in isobutyl acetate/cyclohexanol (1:9, v/v) at RT for 1week. The XRPD pattern is shown in FIG. 8. The XRPD Peak Search Reportfor Formula I, Form B is compiled in Table 4. TGA and DSC data aredisplayed in FIG. 9. A weight loss of 13.9% up to 120° C. on the TGAcurve and two endotherms at 87.9° C. and 103.2° C. (onset temperature)on the DSC curve were observed. The NMR spectrum (1H) indicated themolar ratio of cyclohexanol/API was 0.5:1 (12.9 wt %). Combined with theheating and 1H NMR results, Form B is postulated to be a cyclohexanolsolvate.

TABLE 4 XRPD Peak Search Report for Formula I, Form B Pos. [°2Th.]Height [cts] d-spacing [Å] Rel. Int. [%] 7.0 532 12.7 25.8 7.3 444 12.221.5 16.1 948 5.5 46.0 16.3 551 5.4 26.7 24.1 1469 3.7 71.2 25.1 20633.6 100.0 26.6 489 3.4 23.7

Form C was characterized by XRPD, TGA and DSC. The XRPD pattern is shownin FIG. 10. The XRPD Peak Search Report for Formula I, Form C iscompiled in Table 5. TGA and DSC data are displayed in FIG. 11. A weightloss of 0.8% up to 120° C. on the TGA curve and a sharp endotherm at127.8° C. (onset temperature) on the DSC curve were observed. Based onthe low TGA weight loss and the only sharp DSC endotherm, Form C ispostulated to be an anhydrate.

TABLE 5 XRPD Peak Search Report for Formula I, Form C Pos. [°2Th.]Height [cts] d-spacing [Å] Rel. Int. [%] 6.4 107 13.8 2.9 8.1 173 10.94.7 8.6 2175 10.2 59.2 8.8 738 10.1 20.1 9.9 401 9.0 10.9 10.2 333 8.79.1 12.9 2135 6.9 58.1 13.8 581 6.4 15.8 15.1 1496 5.9 40.7 16.5 19525.4 53.1 19.8 3675 4.5 100.0 21.2 793 4.2 21.6 22.1 1958 4.0 53.3 23.7790 3.6 21.5 25.7 1065 3.5 29.0 27.8 570 3.2 15.5

Form D seeds were obtained via slurrying Form A in MTBE/n-heptane (1:4,v/v) at RT for 1 day, with the addition of Form D sample obtained fromslurry competition. The XRPD pattern is shown in FIG. 12. The XRPD PeakSearch Report for Formula I, Form D is compiled in Table 6. TGA and DSCdata are displayed in FIG. 13. A weight loss of 0.2% up to 120° C. onthe TGA curve and a sharp endotherm at 129.1° C. (onset temperature) onthe DSC curve were observed. Based on the low TGA weight loss and theonly sharp DSC endotherm, Form D is postulated to be an anhydrate.

TABLE 6 XRPD Peak Search Report for Formula I, Form D Pos. [°2Th.]Height [cts] d-spacing [Å] Rel. Int. [%] 8.0 389 11.0 3.3 8.7 3614 10.230.3 9.2 603 9.6 5.1 9.8 1814 9.0 15.2 10.4 981 8.5 8.2 12.9 1805 6.915.1 13.4 2561 6.6 21.5 14.0 2422 6.3 20.3 14.8 11925 6.0 100.0 15.61044 5.7 8.8 16.4 1240 5.4 10.4 18.5 1595 4.8 13.4 19.7 3884 4.5 32.620.0 3839 4.4 32.2 20.8 2235 4.3 18.7 21.0 1286 4.2 10.8 23.1 1285 3.910.8 23.3 964 3.8 8.1 23.9 1354 3.7 11.4 25.5 1040 3.5 8.7 25.7 1104 3.59.3

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations

A polymorph form of Formula I, may be formulated in accordance withstandard pharmaceutical practice and according to procedures of Example9, for use in therapeutic treatment (including prophylactic treatment)in mammals including humans. The present disclosure provides apharmaceutical composition comprising the Formula I compound inassociation with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,glidant, diluent, or excipient.

Suitable carriers, diluents, glidants, and excipients are well known tothose skilled in the art and include materials such as carbohydrates,waxes, water soluble and/or swellable polymers, hydrophilic orhydrophobic materials, gelatin, oils, solvents, water and the like.

The formulations may be prepared using conventional dissolution andmixing procedures. The compound of the present disclosure is typicallyformulated into pharmaceutical dosage forms to provide an easilycontrollable dosage of the drug and to enable patient compliance withthe prescribed regimen.

The pharmaceutical composition (or formulation) for application may bepackaged in a variety of ways depending upon the method used foradministering the drug. Generally, an article for distribution includesa container having deposited therein the pharmaceutical formulation inan appropriate form. Suitable containers are well known to those skilledin the art and include materials such as bottles (plastic and glass),sachets, ampoules, plastic bags, metal cylinders, and the like. Thecontainer may also include a tamper-proof assemblage to preventindiscreet access to the contents of the package. In addition, thecontainer has deposited thereon a label that describes the contents ofthe container. The label may also include appropriate warnings.

Pharmaceutical formulations of a polymorph form of Formula I compoundmay be prepared for various routes and types of administration withpharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients, glidants orstabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1995) 18th edition,Mack Publ. Co., Easton, Pa.), in the form of a lyophilized formulation,milled powder, or an aqueous solution. Formulation may be conducted bymixing at ambient temperature at the appropriate pH, and at the desireddegree of purity, with physiologically acceptable carriers, i.e.,carriers that are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages andconcentrations employed. The pH of the formulation depends mainly on theparticular use and the concentration of compound, but may range fromabout 3 to about 8.

The pharmaceutical formulation is preferably sterile. In particular,formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. Suchsterilization is readily accomplished by filtration through sterilefiltration membranes.

The pharmaceutical formulation ordinarily can be stored as a solidcomposition, a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a lyophilized formulation oras an aqueous solution.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the invention will be dosed andadministered in a fashion, i.e., amounts, concentrations, schedules,course, vehicles and route of administration, consistent with goodmedical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include theparticular disorder being treated, the clinical condition of theindividual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery ofthe agent, the method of administration, the scheduling ofadministration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.

Acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients and stabilizers are nontoxicto recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and includebuffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidantsincluding ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such asoctadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride;benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl, ethanol, orbenzylalcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben;catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); lowmolecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins,such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymerssuch as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides,disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, ordextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as lactose,sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions suchas sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/ornon-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, including Tween 80, PLURONICS™ orpolyethylene glycol (PEG), including PEG400. The active pharmaceuticalingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, forexample, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization,for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules andpoly-(methylmethacrylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drugdelivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres,microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions.Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences18th edition, (1995) Mack Publ. Co., Easton, Pa. Other examples of drugformulations can be found in Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds.,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, Vol 3, 2^(nd) Ed., New York,N.Y.

Tablets may comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,glidant, diluent, or excipient selected from microcrystalline cellulose,lactose, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate.

Pharmaceutically acceptable glidants may be selected from silicondioxide, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, metallicstearates, sodium aluminosilicate, sodium benzoate, calcium carbonate,calcium silicate, corn starch, magnesium carbonate, asbestos free talc,stearowet C, starch, starch 1500, magnesium lauryl sulfate, magnesiumoxide, and combinations thereof.

The pharmaceutical formulations include those suitable for theadministration routes detailed herein. The formulations may convenientlybe presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of themethods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques and formulationsgenerally are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 18^(th) Ed.(1995) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. Such methods include the step ofbringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier whichconstitutes one or more accessory ingredients. The formulations may beprepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association theactive ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriersor both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectablepreparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginoussuspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known artusing those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agentswhich have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation maybe a solution or a suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptablediluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butanediol or preparedfrom a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solventsthat may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodiumchloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may conventionally beemployed as a solvent or suspending medium, including synthetic mono- ordiglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewisebe used in the preparation of injectables.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method oftreating a disease or condition mediated, at least in part, byleucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). In particular, the disclosureprovides methods for preventing or treating a disorder associated withLRRK2 in a mammal, comprising the step of administering to said mammal atherapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein. In someembodiments, the disease or condition mediated, at least in part, byLRRK2 is a neurodegenerative disease, for example, a central nervoussystem (CNS) disorder, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer'sdisease (AD), dementia (including Lewy body dementia and casculardementia), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), age related memorydysfunction, mild cognitive impairment (e.g., including the transitionfrom mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease), argyrophilicgrain disease, lysosomal disorders (for example, Niemann-PickType Cdisease, Gaucher disease) corticobasal degeneration, progressivesupranuclear palsy, inherited frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonismlinked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), withdrawal symptoms/relapseassociated with drug addiction, L-Dopa induced dyskinesia, Huntington'sdisease (HD), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). In other embodiments,the disorder is an ischemic disease of organs including but not limitedto brain, heart, kidney, and liver.

In some other embodiments, the disease or condition mediated, at leastin part, by LRRK2 is cancer. In certain specific embodiments, the canceris thyroid, renal (including papillary renal), breast, lung, blood, andprostate cancers (e.g. solid tumor), leukemias (including acutemyelogenous leukemia (AML)), or lymphomas. In some embodiments, thecancer is kidney cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, blood cancer,papillary cancer, lung cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia, or multiplemyeloma.

In other embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds are used inmethods for treatment of inflammatory disorders. In some embodiments,the disorder is an inflammatory disease of the intestines, such asCrohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (both generally known together asinflammatory bowel disease). In other embodiments, the inflammatorydisease is leprosy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis,or ankylosing spondylitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatory diseaseis leprosy, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerativecolitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, orankylosing spondylitis.

In other embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds are used inmethods for treatment of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupuserythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia,idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Evans syndrome, vasculitis,bullous skin disorders, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Sjogren's syndrome,Devic's disease, and inflammatory myopathies.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Isolation and Physicochemical Characteristics ofFormula I Compound,2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile,CAS Reg. No. 1374828-69-9

Formula I compound, prepared according to Example 394 of U.S. Pat. No.8,815,882, and Compound 12 of Estrada, A. A. et al (2013) J. Med. Chem.57:921-936, each of which are specifically incorporated by reference,was dissolved in methyl tert-butylether (MTBE, 10 vol, 200 ml) to give abrown solution. This solution was filtered through 3M Zeta Plusactivated carbon disc (R55SP, 5 cm diameter) at 3 ml/min. The filter waswashed with MTBE (5 vol, 100 ml). The clear, not colored, solution (300ml) was concentrated to 8 vol (160 ml) and charged into a 500 mlreactor. n-Heptane (8 vol, 160 ml) was added at 20° C. Solutioninitially remained clear but then crystallization started after 2minutes. Temperature was increased gradually (rate 2° C./min). Fulldissolution was achieved only at 69° C. Further heptane (4 vol, 80 ml)was added at 70° C.; clear solution was visually observed at 70° C. Thetemperature was set to 65° C. (1.0° C./min); At 65° C. with the clearsolution, seed crystals of the Formula I compound (200 mg, same batch)were added and they did not dissolve. The temperature was then loweredto 20° C. over 8 hrs. It was stirred at 20° C. overnight. Solid wasfiltered and washed two times with the mother liquors. It was driedunder vacuum at 40° C. for 2 hrs to give 15.91 g of crystalline FormulaI compound (79.6% yield). Mother liquors were evaporated to dryness togive additional 3.47 g (17.4% recovery).

Example 2 Single Crystal Growth of Form C Polymorph

Block-like single crystals of the Formula I, Form C polymorph wereobtained from n-butyl acetate/cyclohexane solvent mixture system(n-butyl acetate was the solvent while cyclohexane was the anti-solvent)via liquid vapor diffusion at RT. The experimental details are asfollows.

About 30 mg Formula I, Form A sample was weighed into a 3 mL glass vialwith the addition of 65 μL n-butyl acetate solvent to dissolve all thesolid sample. A small amount of the Form C crystal sample was also addedinto the 3-mL vial as the crystal seeds. Then the vial was added into a20-mL glass vial with 4 mL anti-solvent cyclohexane in it forliquid-vapor diffusion at ambient temperature. After 11 days, block-likecrystals were obtained as shown in FIG. 14.

Example 3 Single Crystal Growth of Form D Polymorph

Block-like single crystals of the Formula I, Form D polymorph wereobtained from acetone/n-heptane (1:10, v/v) solvent mixture system viaslow evaporation at RT. The experimental details are as follows.

About 30 mg Formula I, Form A sample was weighed into a 4 mL shell vial(44.6 mm×14.65 mm) with the addition of 0.2 mL n-butyl acetate and 2.0mL n-heptane to dissolve the solid sample. A small amount of the Form Dcrystal sample was also added into the 4-mL vial as the crystal seeds.Then the vial was placed in the fume hood for slow evaporation atambient temperature. After 15 days, block-like crystals were obtained asshown in FIG. 15.

Example 4 Single Crystal Structure Determination

Colorless block-like single crystals were selected from the Form Csingle crystals sample or Form D single crystals sample and wrapped withParatone-N (an oil based cryoprotectant). The crystals were mounted on amylar loop in a random orientation and immersed in a stream of nitrogenat 150 K. Preliminary examination and data collection were performed onan Agilent SuperNova® (Cu/K_(α) λ=1.54178 Å) diffractometer and analyzedwith the CrysAlisPro® (Agilent, Version:1.171.38.41) software package.

The data collection details of Form C single crystal are as follows:Cell parameters and an orientation matrix for data collection wereretrieved and refined by CrysAlisPro® software using the setting anglesof 6568 reflections in the range 4.0790°<θ<70.0660°. The data werecollected to a maximum diffraction angle (θ) of 70.266° at 150.2(2) K.The data set was 99.9% complete having a Mean I/σ of 19.4 and D min (Cu)of 0.82 Å.

The data reduction details of Form C single crystal as follows: Frameswere integrated with CrysAlisPro®, Version:1.171.38.41 software. A totalof 12836 reflections were collected, of which 6205 were unique. Lorentzand polarization corrections were applied to the data. An empiricalabsorption correction was performed using spherical harmonics,implemented in SCALE3 ABSPACK scaling algorithm. The absorptioncoefficient μ of this material is 0.964 mm⁻¹ at this wavelength(λ=1.54178 Å) and the minimum and maximum transmissions are 0.80956 and1.00000. Intensities of equivalent reflections were averaged. Theagreement factor for the averaging was 2.08% based on intensity.

The structure of Form C was solved in the space group C2/c by DirectMethods using the ShelXS™ structure solution program (Sheldrick, G. M.(2008). Acta Cryst. A64:112-122) and refined with ShelXS™, Version2014/7 refinement package using full-matrix least-squares on F²contained in OLEX2 (Dolomanov, O. V., et al, (2009) J. Appl. Cryst.42:339-341). All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Thepositions of hydrogen atoms occur on carbon atoms were calculatedgeometrically and refined using the riding model, but the hydrogen atomsoccur on nitrogen atoms were refined freely according to the FourierMaps.

The data collection details of Form D single crystal are as follows:Cell parameters and an orientation matrix for data collection wereretrieved and refined by CrysAlisPro® software using the setting anglesof 30349 reflections in the range 4.0180°<θ<70.5190°. The data werecollected to a maximum diffraction angle (θ) of 70.562° at 150 K. Thedata set was 89.9% complete having a Mean I/σ of 29.3 and D min (Cu) of0.82 Å.

The data reduction details of Form D single crystal are as follows:Frames were integrated with CrysAlisPro®, Version:1.171.38.41 software.A total of 47670 reflections were collected, of which 11179 were unique.Lorentz and polarization corrections were applied to the data. Anempirical absorption correction was performed using spherical harmonics,implemented in SCALE3 ABSPACK scaling algorithm. The absorptioncoefficient μ of this material is 0.980 mm⁻¹ at this wavelength(λ=1.54178 Å) and the minimum and maximum transmissions are 0.83622 and1.00000. Intensities of equivalent reflections were averaged. Theagreement factor for the averaging was 2.69% based on intensity.

The structure of Form D was solved in the space group Pca2₁ by DirectMethods using the ShelXS structure solution program and refined withShelXS™, Version 2014/7 refinement package using full-matrixleast-squares on F² contained in OLEX2. All non-hydrogen atoms wererefined anisotropically. Hydrogen atom positions were calculatedgeometrically and refined using the riding model.

TABLE 7 Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) instrument parametersInstrument Agilent SuperNova X-Ray sources generator SuperNovaMicrofocus X-ray Source (Cu/K_(α): 1.54184 Å) 50 KV, 0.8 mA Detector EosCCD detector (Detector resolution: 16.0450 pixels mm⁻¹) GoniometerFour-circle Kappa Goniometer Low Temperature Devices Oxford CryosystemsSoftware CrysAlisPro (Version: 1.171.38.41)

Polymorph forms of the Formula I compound were solved using the ShelXT(Sheldrick, G. M. (2015). Acta Cryst. A71, 3-8) structure solutionprogram (Intrinsic Phasing method) and refined using SHELXL-2015refinement package (Sheldrick, G. M. (2015). Acta Cryst. A71, 3-8))(full-matrix least-squares on F²) contained in OLEX2 (Dolomanov, O. V.et al, “OLEX2: a complete structure solution, refinement and analysisprogram”. J. Appl. Cryst. 2009, 42, 339-341). The calculated XRPDpattern was obtained from Mercury (Macrae, C. F., et al, Appl. Cryst.(2006) 39:453-457) and the crystal structure representations weregenerated by Diamond. The single crystal X-ray diffraction data wascollected at 296 K using Bruker D8 VENTURE diffractometer (Mo/Kαradiation, λ=0.71073 Å). Table 8 shows the crystallographic data andstructure refinement of Forms A, C, and D.

TABLE 8 Crystallographic data and structure refinement of Formula Isingle crystal polymorph Forms A, C, D Parameters Form A Form C Form DEmpirical formula C₁₄H₁₆F₃N₇ C₁₄H₁₆F₃N₇ C₁₄H₁₆F₃N₇ Formula weight 339.34339.34 339.34 Temperature 296 K 150.2(2) K 150 K Wavelength Mo/Kα (λ =0.71073 Å) Cu/K_(α) (λ = 1.54178 Å) Cu/Kα (λ = 1.54178 Å) Crystalsystem, space Monoclinic, P2₁/n Monoclinic, C2/c Orthorhombic, Pca2₁group Unit cell dimensions a = 5.325(2) Å a = 13.7032(3) Å a =17.63410(10) Å b = 13.005(5) Å b = 17.5697(4) Å b = 14.03430(10) Å c =24.778(9) Å c = 27.4196(6) Å c = 26.2102(2) Å α = 90° α = 90° a = 90° β= 94.408(11)° β = 91.982(2)° β = 90° γ = 90° γ = 90° γ = 90° Volume1710.7(11) Å³ 6597.6(3) Å³ 6486.56(8) Å³ Z, Calculated density 4, 1.318g/cm³ 16, 1.367 g/cm³ 16, 1.390 g/cm³ Absorption coefficient 0.108 mm⁻¹0.964 mm⁻¹ 0.980 mm⁻¹ F(000) 704.0 2816.0 2816.0 Crystal size 0.6 × 0.5× 0.2 mm³ 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.3 mm³ 0.6 × 0.5 × 0.2 mm³ 2 Theta range for data4.548° to 57.89° 6.45° to 140.532° 6.744° to 141.124° collectionLimiting indices −6 ≤ h ≤ 6 −13 ≤ h ≤ 16 −21 ≤ h ≤ 21 −16 ≤ k ≤ 16 −21 ≤k ≤ 15 −16 ≤ k ≤ 14 −32 ≤ l ≤ 33 −31 ≤ l ≤ 33 −23 ≤ l ≤ 31 Reflections28803/3825 [R(int) = 12836/6205 [R_(int) = 47670/11179 [R_(int) =collected/Independent 0.0509] 0.0208, R_(sigma) = 0.0267] 0.0269,R_(sigma) = 0.0214] reflections Completeness 84.57% 98.24% 89.80%Refinement method Full-matrix least- Full-matrix least- Full-matrixleast-squares squares on F² squares on F² on F² Data/restraints/3825/0/221 6205/0/441 11179/1/881 parameters Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.0811.038 1.031 Final R indices [I > R₁ = 0.0993, wR₂ = R₁ = 0.0461, wR₂ =R₁ = 0.0320, wR₂ = 2sigma(I)] 0.2464 0.1241 0.0857 Final R indexes [alldata] R₁ = 0.0518, wR₂ = R₁ = 0.0339, wR₂ = 0.1281 0.0872 Largest diff.peak and 0.74/−0.78 e.Å⁻³ 0.85/−0.37 e.Å⁻³ 0.19/−0.21 e.Å⁻³ hole

Single crystals of Form C and Form D were prepared and analyzed bysingle crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The single crystal structuresof Form C and Form D were determined successfully.

The SCXRD characterization confirmed that Form C crystallized inmonoclinic crystal system and C2/c space group with the unit cellparameters {a=13.7032(3) Å, b=17.5697(4) Å, c=27.4196(6) Å; α=90°,β=91.982 (2)°, γ=90°}. The cell volume V was calculated to be 6597.6(3)Å³. The asymmetric unit is comprised of two molecules, indicating thatForm C is an anhydrate. The calculated density of Form C is 1.367 g/cm³.The unit cell of the single crystal is comprised of sixteen molecules.

The SCXRD characterization confirmed that Form D crystallized inorthorhombic crystal system and Pca2i space group with unit cellparameters {a=17.63410(10) Å, b=14.03430(10) Å, c=26.2102(2) Å; α=90°,β=90°, γ=90°}. The cell volume V was calculated to be 6486.56(8) Å³. Theasymmetric unit is comprised of four molecules, indicating that Form Dis an anhydrate. The calculated density of Form D is 1.390 g/cm³. Theunit cell of the single crystal is comprised of sixteen molecules.

Example 5 Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)

PLM images were captured using Axio Lab.A1 upright microscope withProgRes® CT3 camera at RT.

Example 6 Ambient X-Ray Powder Diffractometry (XRPD)

XRPD patterns were collected with a PANalytical Empyrean X-ray powderdiffract meter was used with XRPD parameters of Table 9:

TABLE 9 XRPD instrument parameters Parameters Empyrean X′ Pert3 X-Raywavelength Cu, kα; Cu, kα; Kα1 (Å): 1.540598 Kα1 (Å): 1.540598 Kα2 (Å):1.544426 Kα2 (Å): 1.544426 intensity ratio intensity ratio Kα2/Kα1: 0.50Kα2/Kα1: 0.50 X-Ray tube setting 45 kV, 40 mA 45 kV, 40 mA Divergenceslit Automatic Automatic Scan mode Continuous Continuous Scan range(°2TH) 3°~40° 3°~40° Step size (°2TH) 0.0167 0.0263 Scan step time (s)18 50 Test time (s) 5 min 30 s 5 min 04 s

Example 7 TGA and DSC Test

TGA data were collected using a TA Q500/Q5000 TGA from TA Instruments.DSC was performed using a TA Q200/Q2000 DSC from TA Instruments.Detailed parameters used are listed in Table 10:

TABLE 10 TGA and DSC parameters Parameters TGA DSC Method Ramp RampSample pan Platinum, open Aluminum, crimped Temperature RT-desiredtemperature 25° C.-desired temperature Heating rate 10° C./min 10°C./min Purge gas N₂ N₂

Example 8 DVS Test

DVS was measured via a SMS (Surface Measurement Systems) DVS Intrinsic.The relative humidity at 25° C. were calibrated against deliquescencepoints of LiCl, Mg(NO₃)₂ and KCl. Parameters for DVS test were listed inTable 11.

TABLE 11 DVS parameters Parameters DVS Temperature 25 C. Sample size10-20 mg Gas and flow rate N2, 200 ml/min dm/dt 0.002%/min Min.Dm/dtstability duration  10 min Max. equilibrium time 180 min RH range0% RH to 95% RH RH step size 10% RH from 0-90% RH, then 5% RH from90-95% RH

Example 9 Formulation of Crystalline Formula I Compound

After crystallization, polymorph forms of Formula I compound, may beformulated by dry granulation using a roller compactor, followed by atableting operation. Additional ingredients in the tablets may includemicrocrystalline cellulose (Avicel® PH, FMC BioPolymer), lactose(FastFlo®, Foremost Farms USA), sodium starch glycolate (EXPLOTAB®, JRSPharma), or magnesium stearate (Hyqual®, Macron Fine Chemicals).

Example 10 Amorphous Form E

A 0.5 g sample of solid2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrilewas warmed until liquid was observed and then added to a vial cooled to−45° C. resulting in a “glass” solid. By polarized light microscopy(PLM), no birefringence was observed (FIG. 16). Analysis by XRPD showsno inflection peaks and shows a characteristic “halo” indicating anamorphous solid (FIG. 17). Thermal analysis by DSC shows an exothermiccrystallization event with an onset at 77.8° C., followed by a broadendothermic melt indicating a crystalline melt with an onset at 122.8°C.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, the descriptions and examples should not be construed aslimiting the scope of the invention. Accordingly, all suitablemodifications and equivalents may be considered to fall within the scopeof the invention as defined by the claims that follow. The disclosuresof all patent and scientific literature cited herein are expresslyincorporated in their entirety by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. An amorphous compound,2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(4-(methylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile.